Sugar Mixed in Grain for Beef Cattle

Introduction

Carbohydrate is a concentrated free energy food. However, it is non documented every bit a vital nutrient for humans. If nosotros never had another teaspoon of dietary sugar in our life, our nutritional health would not exist affected in the slightest. So from a health view point sugar is valueless. Carbohydrate is traditionally seen as a danger to blood-glucose levels. The Usa Dept of Agriculture recommends that sugar makes up no more than virtually 8 pct of the full calories in the average nutrition. The feeding of sugar to livestock product is a new concept in feed technology. (See PGK John, 2006)

Global Sugar Product: More than 100 countries produce sugar, 78% of which is made from sugar cane grown primarily in the tropical and sub-tropical zones of the southern hemisphere, and the remainder from sugar beet which is grown mainly in the temperate zones of the northern hemisphere. By and large, the costs of producing sugar from sugar cane are lower than those in respect of processing sugar beets. Currently 69% of the earth´due south sugar is consumed in the country of origin whilst the residue is traded on earth markets. The five largest exporters in 2006/07, Brazil, Thailand, Australia, SADC and Guatemala, are expected to supply approximately 80% of all globe free market exports.

Table i Global saccharide Production & consumption.

Sugar Consequence on Wellness: Refined carbohydrate is used in almost candy foods and is very damaging to homo health and compromises the immune system. High sugar intake is as well responsible for blood sugar spikes which cause pancreas and adrenal glands to overwork as they are caught up in an unhealthy bike trying to stabilize claret glucose levels. Somewhen, the pancreas and adrenals fire out on a loftier saccharide diet leading to Type 2 diabetes, chronic fatigue, hypoglycemia, and early on menopause. The other  health dangers like asthma, motility mood swings, provoke personality changes, muster mental illness, nourish nervous disorders, diabetes, eye disease, grow gallstones, hasten hypertension, and add arthritis. (American Dietetic Association and American Diabetic Clan). It is indeed worth pondering the colossal usage of sucrose for human diet even then there are lot allegations on its use in homo diet. The demand for sugar goes up and the production doubles. Since sugar cane plants are the most efficient solar energy converter sugar could be used to produce animal products also through brute system.

Saccharide in Feeds

There has been much interest in feeding sugars to dairy cattle in the last few years (Mary Beth Hall, 2002). Sugars are separated from disaccharides by their solubility in eighty% ethanol. They are considered non- neutral detergent fibre carbohydrates (NFC) as well as not- structural jail cell contents. Mature grains such as corn or oats may contain very little sugar because most accept been converted to storage polysaccharides. Sugars ferment very quickly in the rumen. Studies have reported higher butyrate and slightly slower propionate product for sugar fermentation in rumen (Storbel and Russell, 1986). The dry matter intake has been seen increased with feeding sugars (Broderick et al, 2000) due to improved palatability and increased rates of solid or liquid passage from the rumen. The microbial protein yield in rumen increased with sugar feeding with more rumen degradable protein. (Hall and Weimer, unpublished)

There accept been relatively few fauna performance studies using purified sugars. Two studies in which sucrose was substituted for starch in lactating dairy cow´due south rations suggest that sucrose increases butterfat yield. The effect of feeding sucrose exchange for starch at dissimilar levels were shown in Table 2.TT

Table 2. Changes in milk yield and composition with changes in sucrose and starch supplementation.  (Broderick et al., 2000). FCM = fat-corrected milk

The above data elucidate the positive result of feeding sugar along with grain for milk production. The supply of glucose for lactose conversion and as fuel for milk synthesis though carbohydrate feeding is the axiom of the data.

Glucose - the vital nutrient for animal production

Information technology is an unchallenged fact that glucose is the vital nutrient for bio conversion into milk, meat and egg. Oft information technology has been misconceived that energy is the requirement; however glucose could exist synthesized in the animal system by gluconeogenesis using amino acids and curt chain fatty acids. In no case long concatenation fat acids are not used for gluconeogensis. Long chain fatty acids are broken down to acetic acid by releasing big corporeality of energy which could be utilized for tissue synthesis. Further acerb acid is combined with oxaloacetic acid before it is burned for oxidative energy. The deficiency of oxaloacetic acid which is rather an essential component for the conversion of amino acids to restructure to glucose moiety in liver may delay the acetic acid clearance.

Glucose to lactose: Glucose enters the prison cell via the basolateral membrane via a specific transport mechanism. Some glucose is converted to galactose. Both glucose and galactose enter the Golgi and enter into a reaction resulting in formation of lactose. The germination of lactose in the Golgi results in drawing water into the cell, into the Golgi, and ultimately becoming part of milk.

Glucose from feeds

The above deliberations indicate the importance of glucose for milk synthesis. Therefore, the availability of glucose from feeds could be examined. The sources of glucose from feeds are starch, sugar, amino acids and glycerol. The cereal grains which plant a big per centum in animal feeds provide starch. Starch is fermented in rumen yielding propionic acid which is elongated to glucose by way of gluconeaogenesis.

Table 3. Metabolisibility of Carbohydrate & feeds and glucose availability

There fore, it is evident that sugar could be well utilized for beast feeding and for human consumption indirectly as it is done for grains. The sugar which would be converted into glucose in animal system would no longer be hazardous equally it is noticed in humans. It is yet; noticed that sugar could not be fed solitary every bit it may cause deprived appetite and acerbity in animals. It should be mixed with different feed ingredients. The about economical sugar feed is saccharide syrup.

Sugar Syrup feed

A contempo advance in feed technology and beast diet is the evolution of sugar syrup, an intermediary product of sugar refining as free energy feed for livestock (PGK John, 2006).  In the Center East where the cost of grains is increasing exponentially, the ready availability of sugar syrup has been considered a recourse to livestock feed.  Molasses is the final residual product that comes out from sugar mills.  It is a highly viscous (<100,000 cP at 25 Deg C) liquid with 48% carbohydrate and more than 20% ash.  Because of the repeated boiling (about 13 times) the saccharide is caramelized, and gets leap to organic substances like glue and polysaccharides which depresses the digestibility of dry matter.  As a matter of fact, the sugar companies have not been interested in keeping up the quality of molasses since its main use was for alcohol production. The use of molasses equally an free energy source was non measured in animal feeds. Frequently information technology is used as a binder, dust reducer and sweetener with a low inclusion rate. In that affair, the need for molasses was depression in the brute ration. The Product Development team at Al Khaleej Sugar Co. examined the possibilities of improving the quality of molasses to brand it a suitable feed ingredient. The final decision was taken by the Chairman Mr. Jamal Al Ghurair, and the process parameters were defined. This resulted in the production of loftier quality molasses with 75% sugar, and was termed "Sugar Syrup". The main attributes of the above product were that it is an instant energy feed and a better substitute for starch/grains and vegetable oil. Sugar Syrup has no physical limitations on incorporation in ration and maintains the binding effect while existence more effluvious and palatable. It is also incorporated a lot in brew feeds and contains no aflatoxin. The research in animal nutrition has exhibited the advantage of feeding sugar improve than starch equally the sugar is directly converted into glucose with out much nutrient loss (Chamberlain et al.,1993;  Mahagna and Nir (1996 ). The concept of feeding sugar by products was developed on this physiological principle.

Sugar syrup has been used in animal ration for the following reasons:

• Increases the palatability of the feed.
• Improves the dry matter digestibility
• Reduces the dustiness of the feed
• Inhibits the mould germination on the feed
• Stops insect infestation on storage
• Use as a folder for feed pelletization
• Increases energy density of the ration
• Masks the less palatable ingredients.
• Substitutes the grain in feed formula
• Improves the fibre utilization my ruminant animals
• Sugar syrup is gratuitous of aflatoxin

Table 4. A typical analysis of Sugar syrup

(PGK John, 2006)

Carbohydrate syrup is the first liquid separation from sugar crystallization. This could be called ´Loftier Examination Molasses´ or ´A Molasses´.

Tabular array 5. Comparative nutritional limerick on ´equally such basis´

Sugar syrup utilization

 Saccharide syrup a high energy feed could be used in different proportions in feeds as per the nutritional requirement of the animals. The high free energy feed that is used to 24-hour interval mostly grains particularly Corn, barley, wheat and sorghum. The presence of fibre in grains reduces its digestibility compared to sugar. Further more starch in grains is found to be fourscore% metabolisable. In view of the to a higher place sugar syrup could exist utilized in different ways as shown below:

1.     Carbohydrate syrup in TMR.

Total Mixed Ration is the total feed fed to dairy cows. Grains, protein meals, oil seeds, fodder minerals and vitamins are mixed in right proportion to meet the nutritional requirement for milk production. A typical formula using sugar syrup is shown below:

Table half-dozen. A typical TMR used in a dairy farm is given below for discussion.

2.     Saccharide syrup in Poultry feed.

Sugar syrup is used in poultry feeds to substitute grains. As per NRC 1994 sugar is recommended to exist fed to xv% in the feeds.

Feeding Trials on Broiler and layer birds with graded level of Sugar syrup

(Run across Ahmed South. Hussein, Jamal Al Ghurair and P. George Kunju John 2009)

One day sometime Hubbard commercial broiler chicks of 100 per pen with 3 replicas for one control and iii treatments were used. The normal broiler feeds incorporate Corn and vegetable oil to run into the dietary energy requirement.

Sucrose is hydrolyzed by sucrose into glucose and fructose; while lactase converts any lactose into glucose and galactose (Mahagana & Nir, 1996).  Sugars have been accepted as a meliorate free energy donor than starch in the brute system. Chamberlain et al. (1993) concluded that sugars, peculiarly sucrose, are certainly superior to starch. Mahagna and Nir (1996) indicate greatest maltase activity in the jejunum, followed by the ileum; while the everyman value was seen in the duodenum. It is therefore, seen that the metabolizability of sucrose is significantly higher than starch. In club to test the suitability of sugar in poultry ration sugar syrup was incorporated in graded levels in broiler starter and finisher.

Tabular array 7.  Composition of experimental starter diets for broiler chicks

^aCalculated nutrient limerick is: poly peptide, 22.00%; ME, three.00 MCal/kg;

Met, 0.54%; met+cys, 0.91%; lys, ane.22%; calcium, 1.0% and bachelor phosphorus, 0.46%.

^bCalculated nutrient limerick is: protein, 21.92%; ME, 2.95 MCal/kg; Met, 0.59%; met+cys, 0.96%; lys, 1.22%; calcium, i.0% and available phosphorus, 0.46%.

^cCalculated food composition is: protein, 21.62%; ME, 2.95 MCal/kg; Met, 0.59%; met+cys, 0.94%; lys, one.22%; calcium, 1.0% and available phosphorus, 0.45%.

^dCalculated nutrient composition is: poly peptide, 21.61%; ME, 2.95 MCal/kg; Met, 0.59%; met+cys, 0.94%; lys, i.24%; calcium, 1.0% and bachelor phosphorus, 0.45%.

^eProvided the following per kilogram of diet: vitamin A viii,820 IU; vitamin D3, ii,822 ICU; vitamin E, 26 IU, menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite, two.0 mg; thiamin, five.94 mg; riboflavin, 6.2 mg; pantothenic acrid, 15 mg; niacin, 44 mg; pyridoxine, 4.5 mg; biotin, 0.23 mg; choline, one,450 mg; folacin, 0.88 mg; vitamin B12, 0.fourteen mg; ethoxyquin, 125 mg; Se, 0.24 mg; Cu, 8 mg; I, 1.5 mg; Fe, 120 mg; Mn, 83 mg; Zn, 60 mg; and Co, five mg.

Table 8.  Limerick of experimental finisher diets for broiler chicks

^aCalculated nutrient limerick is: protein, 20.00%; ME, 3.19 MCal/kg; Met, 0.51%; met+cys, 0.85%; lys, 1.07%; calcium, 0.nine% and bachelor phosphorus, 0.36%.

^bCalculated nutrient limerick is: protein, 20.00%; ME, 3.12 MCal/kg; Met, 0.56%; met+cys, 0.90%; lys, 1.09%; calcium, 0.nine% and available phosphorus, 0.36%.

^cCalculated nutrient limerick is: protein, xix.95%; ME, 3.07 MCal/kg; Met, 0.56%; met+cys, 0.ninety%; lys, 1.ten%; calcium, 0.9% and available phosphorus, 0.36%.

^dCalculated nutrient composition is: protein, xix.97%; ME, 3.01 MCal/kg; Met, 0.56%; met+cys, 0.89%; lys, i.12%; calcium, 0.9% and available phosphorus, 0.36%.

^eProvided the post-obit per kilogram of diet: vitamin A 8,820 IU; vitamin D3, 2,822 ICU; vitamin E, 26 IU, menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite, 2.0 mg; thiamin, 5.94 mg; riboflavin, 6.ii mg; pantothenic acid, fifteen mg; niacin, 44 mg; pyridoxine, 4.v mg; biotin, 0.23 mg; choline, ane,450 mg; folacin, 0.88 mg; vitamin B12, 0.xiv mg; ethoxyquin, 125 mg; Se, 0.24 mg; Cu, eight mg; I, 1.5 mg; Fe, 120 mg; Mn, 83 mg; Zn, threescore mg; and Co, 5 mg.

The growth performance was measured at 0, 14, 28 and 35 days and the results are given in tabular array 9.

Table No ix. Growth performance of broiler chicks

^a-e Means inside a column with no common superscript differ significantly (P<0.05).

The group with 5% carbohydrate syrup showed better growth than the control grouping. Yet; the x% group showed the least growth rate. The fifteen% group showed insignificant growth charge per unit to the control grouping. Therefore, the concept of high dietary energy concentration in sugar syrup and its high ME value is getting acceptable with the trial data. If the ME value that was calculated for the formulations were wrong the higher inclusion rates of syrup would accept depressed growth for want of dietary free energy. The blood parameters were also showed the efficacy of sugar syrup with out any deleterious effect on health of birds. The blood parameters are shown equally table 10.

Table 10. Blood parameters for broiler chicks fed with Sugar syrup

The slight elevation of blood glucose is the indication of high glucose supply through carbohydrate syrup feeding. All other parameters are with in normal range.

While examining the feed intake there is no meaning deviation with in groups. The most important benefit of saccharide syrup feeding was the economic reward. The formula costs could be reduced significantly while sugar syrup inclusion. The graphs prepared show the confront very conspicuously.

A meaning observation noticed is the reduction in cholesterol level in blood. The data is given as tabular array 11.

Table eleven. Cholesterol & Triglycerides level in blood

The poultry nutritionists were striving to reduce the cholesterol level in chicken meat and egg. The methods that are expert were intricate and expensive. More over the addition of vegetable oil to enhance the ME value in feed elevated the cholesterol level. The future research into the incorporation of sugar syrup would go a long way in ameliorating the cholesterol problem to a certain extend. The nowadays studies indeed opened the gate mode for information technology.

Fig 1. The formula toll for Broiler Starter feed with different levels of Sugar syrup inclusion.

Fig 2. Broiler Finisher feed with different levels of saccharide syrup inclusion.

The economic do good was due to the substitution of Corn and vegetable fat. The energy value, its unit toll for those feeds are shown below:

Table 12 Cost: Food comparison with energy feeds

Result of dietary treatments on laying hen operation during Weeks 31 through 50

^a-bMeans within a row with no common superscript differ significantly (P<0.05).

Feed Technological Application.

Sugar syrup being in liquid grade its incorporation in dry feeds has some limitations. The normal molasses blender used in feed mills is inefficient to use higher levels of sugar syrup in feeds. The mixing of molasses over 10% causes balling of molasses in between the particles and causes degradation of feeds with molasses over the feed conveyors. The more than balling of molasses harder volition be pelletization by increasing the electric load.

MIXER AND Bug

Fig. 3 Molasses mixer Cleaning

Sugar SYRUP COATER

The function of coating technique is essential for Sugar syrup inclusion for continuous procedure stability, security, feed conversion and economical use. Hence, dysfunction and interruption can cause great trouble and loss of production. Therefore, it is necessary to appreciate the dandy significance of COATING and to optimize the mixing technique via intensive R&D activities. (Mehool Dave, 2007)

It has been keen business organization of AKS to develop customized coating solution and to come across newly developed feed formula for feed mill to obtain the all-time value for production and like shooting fish in a barrel adoption of the stable equipment on existing feed line.

The available feed mills equipment is designed and installed to handle molasses (Molasses mixer) only and non sugar syrup as coating with higher percentage .A new invention of SUGAR SYRUP COATER has its inbuilt robust design of a long and depression height bedchamber with twin shaft paddle rotating in opposite direction at predetermine speed. Twin shaft with tulip shaped paddles at different angles to create a fluidized zone on top and very fine sprayers were kept on at angle to cover the expanse of fluidizes zone. The alternate different pattern of paddle will achieve simultaneously the homogeneous mixing and coating to take identify. Heated sugar syrup is pumped through the fine spray to achieve coating.

Fig. 4 Sugar syrup Coater. (Al  Khaleej Saccharide Co LLC, 2006)

 A trial unit installation and run result has proved the stability of procedure parameters with many advantages over an available traditional market mixture.

 - Compact pattern allows the easy adoption in existing feed production line.

 - Continuous mixing and not batch mixing .This volition provide constant feeding next procedure stride and maintain product consistency.

 - Depression power consumption

 - Due to continuous process less manpower requirement.

 - Negligible maintenance toll other and then preventive maintenance.

 - No product contamination and faster cleaning due to depression bed design.

 All of the higher up advantages AKS invention accomplished goal in terms of brusque times procedure, high productivity, and corking caste of blanket quality, flexible to control feed rate equally well every bit sugar syrup percentage, easy adoption, and economical outstanding blanket quality for the new feed.

There are several other applications with saccharide syrup to utilize information technology better in animal feeds. Some of then are given below:

1.     Sugar syrup treated fibre

2.     Sugar syrup coated brans

3.     Sugar syrup coated protein meals

iv.     Carbohydrate syrup coated grains.

5.     Sugar syrup multinutrient block

Conclusion

The sugar, a high energy material could be used in human diet with precaution to avoid wellness issues; however converting sugar through animal system into skillful quality meat, egg and milk would go a long way in ameliorating the animal  production.

References

AOAC, 1984. Official Methods for Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemist, 14th ed.  AOAC, Arlington, VA.

Ketels, E., and G. DeGroote. 1987. Effect of fat source and level of fatty inclusion on the utilization of fatty acids in broiler diets. Arch. Gefluegelkd. 51:127.

Ketels, Due east., and G. DeGroote. 1988. The nutritional value for broilers of fats characterized past curt-chain fatty acids as afflicted by level of inclusion and age. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 22:105.

Lewis, D., and C. M. Payne. 1966. Fats and amino acids in broiler rations. half dozen. Synergistic relationships in fat acid utilisation. Br. Poult. Sci. 7:209.

Leeson, South., and J. D. Summers. 1976a. Fat ME-values: The consequence of fatty acid saturation. Feedstuffs 48(46):26

Leeson, S., and J. D. Summers. 1976a. Fat ME-values: The effect of fat acid saturation. Feedstuffs 48(46):26

Mary Beth Hall 2002 "What Nosotros Do and Don´t Know About Forage and Carbohydrate Digestion in the Dairy Cow (and some more food for idea)"USDA-ARS U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI

Mahagna, M., and I. Nir, 1996. Comparative development of digestive organs, abdominal disaccharidases and some blood´ metabolites in broiler and layer-blazon chicks later hatching. Br. Poultry Sci. 37:359-37 ane.

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PGK John, 2006. " Sugar Syrup a High energy Feed for Cows" Feed Mix Vol 14 No 2, 2006.PGK John, 2007 " Sugar Syrup a Glucogenic Feed vis a vis Animate being Production" Newspaper presented in " Sugar Syrup a Glucogenic Feed" seminar organized by Al Khaleej Sugar Co, Dubai on 28^th October, 2007.

PGK John, 2008. " Carbohydrate Syrup a New free energy feed for Poultry" Globe Poultry Vol 24 No 2, 2008.

PGK John 2008 " Sugar Syrup - an Energy Feed for Poultry Industry" Paper presented in the poultry conference "Challenges for Poultry in Arab World" on 25^th March at UAE University Al Ain, UAE)

SAS. SAS User´due south Guide: 1982. Statistics. SAS Inst. Inc. Gary, NC.

Scott, M.50., Neshiem, M.C., Young, R.J., 1982. Nutrition of the Chicken, 3rd Edition. Chiliad.50. Scott and Associates, Ithaca, NY.

Snedecore, GW and Cochran, WG, 1980.  Statistical Methods for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Varian. Harbor City, CA.

S Leeson and AK Zubair, 1994, Digestion in Poultry II: Carbohydrates, Vitamins and Minerals; Department of Animal and Poultry Scientific discipline, University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIG 2Wl

South Leeson and AK Zubair, 1997, Diet of the broiler chicken around the menstruum of compensatory growth; Poultry Scientific discipline, Vol 76, Issue 7, 992-999

Sugar Statistics, World of Saccharide Illovo Sugar ,2008

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